Free Essays on Enlightenment

The Enlightenment is a name given by historians to an intellectual movement that was main period in the Western world during the 18th century. The Age of Enlightenment was a period that took place after the Renaissance and is characterized by profound changes in the mind and attitude, and lives of many Europeans. Strongly influenced by the rise of modern science and by the result of the long religious conflict that followed the Reformation, the People of the Enlightenment (who were called philosopher in France) were committed to worldly views based on reason or human understanding only, which they hoped would provide a basis for changes that would affect every area of life and thought. There were many changes that took place during the Enlightenment. Some of the most effective changes had to do with technological aspects, which made a huge change in the religious, political, and social aspects of European life. When all of the new technological aspect of life came in to the world a lot of things were much easier to do and control. A lot of the other changes that happened had to do with reasoning, it was known as a period of reasoning. At the start of the seventeen hundreds, came the Age of Enlightenment. During this time, there existed a strong desire for knowledge, readiness to exchange new ideas, and a belief that rational thought and action could help solve problems. Man had become mature enough to find his own way. The people became leaders, instead looking at ancient times, and following the ancient Greek traditions and ideas. There was a drive to understand nature and the natural world by methods of science. The enlightenment was a time was people began to question politics, religions and society. Ideas were attacked with new ideas that governed logic and reason. During the enlightenment there was a religious revolution, a scientific revolution, a technological revolution and a revolution in the attitudes and minds of man all t... Free Essays on Enlightenment Free Essays on Enlightenment The Enlightenment is a name given by historians to an intellectual movement that was main period in the Western world during the 18th century. The Age of Enlightenment was a period that took place after the Renaissance and is characterized by profound changes in the mind and attitude, and lives of many Europeans. Strongly influenced by the rise of modern science and by the result of the long religious conflict that followed the Reformation, the People of the Enlightenment (who were called philosopher in France) were committed to worldly views based on reason or human understanding only, which they hoped would provide a basis for changes that would affect every area of life and thought. There were many changes that took place during the Enlightenment. Some of the most effective changes had to do with technological aspects, which made a huge change in the religious, political, and social aspects of European life. When all of the new technological aspect of life came in to the world a lot of things were much easier to do and control. A lot of the other changes that happened had to do with reasoning, it was known as a period of reasoning. At the start of the seventeen hundreds, came the Age of Enlightenment. During this time, there existed a strong desire for knowledge, readiness to exchange new ideas, and a belief that rational thought and action could help solve problems. Man had become mature enough to find his own way. The people became leaders, instead looking at ancient times, and following the ancient Greek traditions and ideas. There was a drive to understand nature and the natural world by methods of science. The enlightenment was a time was people began to question politics, religions and society. Ideas were attacked with new ideas that governed logic and reason. During the enlightenment there was a religious revolution, a scientific revolution, a technological revolution and a revolution in the attitudes and minds of man all t...

How to Use the French Expression Cest la Vie

How to Use the French Expression Cest la Vie The very old, very common French idiomatic expression Cest la vie,  pronounced  say la vee, has been around the world and back as a mainstay in dozens of cultures. In France, its still used in the same sense as always, as a sort of restrained, slightly fatalistic lamentation that this is how life is and theres not much you can do about it. It seems natural that this expression is often said with a shrug of the shoulders and a bemused, but furrowed brow. In English, it is translated as Thats life, and Such is life.  A vulgar slang equivalent in English would be Sh happens. Non-French Speakers Prefer the French Original The French Cest la vie, surprisingly,  is preferred in non-French cultures, and Cest la vie is used far more in English than in French. But  unlike many expressions  that English speakers have borrowed from French, the meaning is the same in both languages. Cest la vie,  even in English,  is a sad, Chaplin-esque acknowledgment  that something less than ideal must be accepted because thats just the way life is. Here is an exchange highlighting the fatalism inherent in this expression: Il a perdu son boulot et sa maison le mà ªme jour, tu te rends compte  ?   He lost his job and his home the same day. Can you imagine?Cest la vie !  Ã‚   Cest la vie! / Thats life! Variations on the Theme, Some Good, Some Not Cest la guerre Thats war. Cest la vie, cest la guerre, cest la pomme de terre. Thats life, thats war, thats the potato. (Only English speakers use this strange saying.) In French, Cest la vie can also be used non-fatalistically. As such,  the emphasis is on the  presentative cest introducing la vie and the idea that were talking about something thats essential to life or a particular way of life, as in:Leau, cest la vie.   Water is life. Cest la vie de famille qui me manque.   Its family life that I miss. Vivre dans le besoin, cest la vie dartiste.   Living in poverty is the life of an artist. Related Expressions Cest la vie de chà ¢teau (pourvu que à §a dure).   This is the good  life. Live it up (while it lasts). Cest la belle vie ! This is the life! La vie est dure ! Life is hard! Cest la bonne. Its the right one. Cest la  Bà ©rà ©zina. Its bitter defeat / a lost cause. La vie en rose Life through rose-colored glasses La  vie  nest  pas en rose. Life is not so beautiful. Cest  la  zone ! Its a pit here! Cest la vie, mon pauvre vieux  ! Thats life, my friend! Alternate Versions of Cest la Vie Bref, cest la vie ! Anyway, thats life! Cest  la  vie.  / Cest  comme cela. /  La  vie  est  ainsi faite. Life is life. Cest  la  vie.  / On ny peut rien. / Cest  comme à §a.   Ã‚  Thats the way the ball bounces. / Thats the way the cookie crumbles Examples of Usage Je sais que cest frustrant, mais  cest la vie.​   I know it is frustrating, but thats life.   C’est la vie, c’est de la comà ©die et c’est aussi du cinà ©ma.  Ã‚  Thats life, thats comedy, and thats  cinema, too. Alors il ny a rien faire. Cest la vie! Theres nothing to be done then. Cest la vie!

Legal Issues in Sports Gambling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Legal Issues in Sports Gambling - Essay Example With the advent of increased online gambling activities, there had been confusion because a majority of laws applied to gambling in sports and other forms of bet taking were in use long before the internet came into widespread use and were at the discretion of states. Further, laws relating to cyberspace have been hard to craft while older laws are open to broad interpretations in this context. Bills’ seeking to create laws to regulate online gambling has mostly ended in failure. However, Illinois passed legislation which strictly bars advertising of online casinos in the state (Illinois Gambling Laws, 2012). In reference to the Gambling and Related Offences 2012 (US), section 28(1) one is said to commit gambling offence when, he or she makes a wager upon the result of a game. Brief history of sports gambling. Ever since, sporting activities started, people have had the urge to bet on the outcome. Nowhere else is gambling as widespread as in the United States. Thompson (2001), in his research identified the founding fathers of the United States as natural risk takers; therefore the attraction to take part in all forms of gambling was rather inherent. Humphrey (2012), in his research, stated that, in the initial days of United States, the colonists used to gamble on anything ranging from bare-knuckle brawls to cockfights and makeshift horse races.... Thompson (2001) confirmed many colorful characters and factors have played a role in the  growth  of sports gambling, but what is  obvious  is that sports gambling are here to stay despite efforts by various governments’ attempts to curtail its  growth. Sometime back, a sport betting was just a  negligible  part  in  human, social life, but nowadays it runs from the professional bettor, the middle class  family  to the common man on the street (Ziming  and Shaffer, 2009). The effect of this has been that professional bookmakers and gamblers have resulted to bribery of participants and other  uncouth  activities. Horse racing was the first sport which recorded  widespread  bet  activity  due to its increased popularity especially in the United Sates. During the initial years, this was a  game  for the upper class, but after the  end  of civil war, horse tracks appeared and dotted eastern landscapes attracting bettors from every econom ic sector in United States (Thompson, 2001). The peak of horse racing was in 1920s and  decline  began in 1930s. Currently, Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act 2006 (US) has  section  5363 and 5366 which has criminalized taking of money from bettors by online gaming website operators but excludes online betting on horse racing activities from its list of illegal gambling activities. However, these bets must be  legal  at the two ends of online connection (Humphrey, 2012). Formation of professional leagues, they diverted attention of gamblers and made a majority of them  abandon  horse race betting for other areas such as professional baseball. Use of  pool  cards’ became  common  especially in the urban areas of the East. These  pool  cards were similar to the present

Logistics and Operations Management - The World Trade Organization Assignment

Logistics and Operations Management - The World Trade Organization - Assignment Example These negotiations were held under GATT or General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. In the present times, there are new negotiations that the WTO is involved into under the ‘Doha Development Agenda’ instigated in the year 2001 (Understanding the WTO - Who we are, 2012). Countries, in general, encounter several challenges and problems while performing activities of trade across different countries. Thus negotiations and effective rules are required that are maintained by the WTO. Also, trade barriers are maintained by the rules that are set by the WTO, helping to protect consumers of such trade activities (Understanding the WTO - Who we are, 2012). The present study focuses on the work of the WTO and to analyze the impact that it has on world trade. Thus the study would analyze the outcomes of the various summits that have taken place since the end of the Second World War and consider the impact they have had on world trade. For this particular study, interpretivism research philosophy has been found to be applicable for this particular research study as it combines diverse approaches together and tries to understand the world as it is experienced (Collins, 2010, pp.38-39). The study has been based on qualitative research technique that involves the description of the types and qualities of people or events without expressing them in the form of numerical figures (Thomas, 2003, pp.1-2). The collection of data for the study has been dependent on secondary sources, thus involving sources that present studies and findings of earlier researchers and information that are already available concerning the topic of study (Malhotra, 2008, p.106). Thus books and authenticated internet articles, the website of WTO have been included in this study to learn about the works of the WTO, and their effects on world trade. While including such study materials, ethical factors have also been kept significantly under focus and the credibility of the sources have also been checked.  Ã‚  

Ptsd Paper Essay Example for Free

Ptsd Paper Essay Trauma, and People Kacie D. Buchanan COM/156 April 12, 2013 It has been estimated, from Michelle Rosenthal (2012), that 70% of all U. S. citizens experience some type of trauma in their life and an estimated 8% have PTSD. War veteran diagnosed PTSD have jumped up 50% in 2012, and 1 out of every five veterans that return from Irag are diagnosed with this disorder. It is sad to think of the children that go through trauma, but an estimated 15-43% of girls and 14-43% of boys will experience a traumatic event. As many as 30- 60% of these children will go through the trauma and come out with PTSD. Personal doubt has lead me to try to figure out how this disorder comes about, and if there is a way an individual can be misdiagnosed. There are many reasons an individual may have PTSD, its finding the trauma and the cause so you can then find a cure. For as long as we can remember there have been stories about the trauma that war veterans go through daily, they relive the trauma, and it can bring on PTSD. Post-traumatic stress syndrome in war veterans is very different than the trauma anyone else can go through, it is harder for them to cope with because of the level of trauma they have been through. Christine Stephens, Nigel Long, and Ross Flett (1998) had done a New Zealand study of 527 working police officers were given the PTSD test to show there results, their results were that police officers with military combat backgrounds had some of the highest test results of anyone tested. These victims of war have to relive the nightmare every time they hear a loud crash, bang, or pop they feel like they have to run for cover or hide because that fear has been put into their minds that if they do not save themselves they will die. In most cases military personnel have come home and have shown no sign of PTSD and passed all tests with a negative result for the disorder, it was six months to a year later that the individuals start to experience signs and symptoms of PTSD. These tests can include an officer sitting in front of a computer screen with random flashes of picture’s, there are children,  dogs sniffing blood, soldiers cowering in fear, and death. The doctor monitors stress levels and how many times the officer blinks and from that can see if the officer will most likely develop PTSD, because after all this is just a theory for military doctors trying to help soldier. Right now, we cant determine with certainty who will and who wont develop PTSD, said P aula Schnurr (2009), deputy executive director of the Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Perhaps with better measures, we can get closer. In 1980 is when the PTSD in adults came about with the war veterans, there were also numerous adults that had been diagnosed at this time but when it came to children there were no cases because it was primarily a disorder that had been focused around adults. (Kaminer, Seedat, Stein, 2005) â€Å"Studies indicate that children can develop PTSD after exposure to a range of traumatic stressors, including violent crime, sexual abuse, natural disasters, and war. Where relatively standardized assessment methods have been used, the incidence of PTSD among childsurvivors of specific disasters ranges from 30 to 60%. As yet there are no epidemiological studies of the prevalence of PTSD among children in the general population; however, community studies in the United States have consistently indicated that around 40% of high school students have experienced some form of domestic or community violence, and between 3 and 6% have PTSD. † When children develop these disorders some of the trauma can affect them ten times worse than that of an adult because children are so impressionable and delicate. With children and war veterans the symptoms are quite similar when concerning the nightmares, sleep disturbances, intrusive memories, and flashback experiences. In children however I have read that nightmares become more generalized and not specific, and also re-experiencing can take place through actual events and not only memories that can play in one’s mind. When dealing with PTSD we need to remember that children can be more delicate than an average human being, something that doesn’t traumatize you could definitely hurt a child and scar them for a life with PTSD. When I say normal human beings I mean it as a range of adults between the ages of 18 and over. The reason I give this age group is because anyone under the age of 18 are still considered a child and therefore I feel can still be influenced differently than someone who has been through the trauma, and it didn’t affect them at all. This is involved with civilians of PTSD, the different types of civilian PTSD can be defined as car accidents, death, change in home/work, or even going through a disaster such as angry Mother Nature. The problem with people nowadays isn’t PTSD as a disorder, because PTSD can be a real life disorder, it is the individuals that try to use PTSD as an excuse to be lazy and escape responsibility. One example of this is, recently in the news there was a murder case involving Jodi Arias. Jodi Arias has been accused of murdering her boyfriend, and to escape blame she has told the court that she has a disorder, PTSD to be exact. When faced with the tests from all the doctors you would think that she could get caught if she were faking it. According to her psychologist Richard Samuel whom was put on the stand to answer an array of over 100 questions and to defend his work he said â€Å"I made an arithmetic error which does not affect the utility of the test, Samuels insisted, adding that regardless of the changing scores because of his calculation errors, Arias still would have been diagnosed with PTSD. Each time that I scored it, Ms. Arias met or even exceeded the minimum criteria for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. So when it came time to see the results we didn’t know what to believe. After all if her doctor is changing scores how to we believe that there is no disorder there. Time after time we come into contact with trauma and you have to think to yourself, Will the trauma caused affect different kinds of people differently? Well I have come to the conclusion that it does because not everyone is the same. It takes a strong individual to go through trauma and come out of the other side. Personal testimony is the best research I have done and I have been told by a close friend of mine, †You cannot let trauma stop your life, you have to learn how to get over your past and leave it there. Because after all that is where the past belongs, in the past† (Kat Brower, 2013). This individual is a very strong person, loves life and knows that there are more to worry about than past experienced, she has moved on and has let the wrong in her life make her stronger. With all of the symptoms that come with PTSD you have to be sure what you are going through, you just need to know you are not alone. Knowing whether the trauma that you have been through will cause PTSD is the biggest challenge, and also finding your cure. I have learned in doing this research that, it has helped me understand how to deal with my personal experiences in life that has made me doubt a close friend. I have decided I need to come to my own conclusions whether or not I am going to trust the disease is real or if the stories are in fact just stories. Hundreds of Americans are diagnosed with this disorder, its finding out who is using the disorder to escape the responsibility of life. References: Associated Press, (January 4, 2012), Types of Trauma: War. www. ptsd. va. gov. Retrieved on March 22, 2013. Associated Press, (November 20, 2009), Mental Health Effects of Serving in Afghanistan and Iraq. www. ptsdsupport. com. Retrieved on March 22, 2013 Kaminer, D. , Seedat, S. , Stein, D. J. , (June 2005), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children, 4(2): 121-125. www. ncbi. nim. nih. gov. Retrieved on March 24, 2013. Crimesider Staff, Tingle, T. , (March 25, 2013), Jodi Arias Trial: Expert defends murder defendant’s diagnosis of PTSD, amnesia. www. cbsnews. com. Retrieved March 25, 2013 Personal insight and quote from Brower, K. , (March 21, 2013) Rosenthal, M. , (2012) Statistics, www. healmyptsd. com, Retrieved March 30, 2013

The Science Guys - Theories of Evolution :: essays research papers

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) Today, the name of Lamarck is associated merely with a discredited theory of heredity, the "inheritance of acquired traits." However, Charles Darwin, Lyell, Haeckel, and other early evolutionists acknowledged him as a great zoologist and as a forerunner of evolution. To be fair to Lamarck, we should mention that since the time of Linnaeus, few naturalists had considered the invertebrates worthy of study. The word "invertebrates" did not even exist at the time; Lamarck coined it. The invertebrate collections at the Musà ©e were enormous and rapidly growing, but poorly organized and classified. Although the professors at the Musà ©e were theoretically equal in rank, the professorship of "insects and worms" was definitely the least prestigious. But Lamarck took on the enormous challenge of learning -- and creating -- a new field of biology. The sheer number and diversity of invertebrates proved to be both a challenge and a rich source of knowledge. What Lamarck actually believed was more complex: organisms are not passively altered by their environment. Instead, a change in the environment causes changes in the needs of organisms living in that environment, which in turn causes changes in their behavior. Altered behavior leads to greater or lesser use of a given structure or organ; use would cause the structure to increase in size over several generations, whereas disuse would cause it to shrink or even disappear. This rule -- that use or disuse causes structures to enlarge or shrink -- Lamarck called the "First Law" in his book Philosophie zoologique. Lamarck's "Second Law" stated that all such changes were heritable. The result of these laws was the continuous, gradual change of all organisms, as they became adapted to their environments; the physiological needs of organisms, created by their interactions with the environment, drive Lamarckian evolution. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl von Linnà © or Carolus Linnaeus, is often called the Father of Taxonomy. His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes). Erusmus Darwin He did discuss ideas that his grandson elaborated on sixty years later, such as how life evolved from a single common ancestor, forming "one living filament". He wrestled with the question of how one species could evolve into another. Although some of his ideas on how evolution might occur are quite close to those of Lamarck, Erasmus Darwin also talked about how competition and sexual selection could cause changes in species

Of Mice and Men Paper Essay

Dreams can be that one thing that keeps us alive. The hope of that dream becoming real makes us feel like a big stable mountain which cannot break. Will, courage and hard work are all elements which can improve your life, just like the American dream. In John Steinbeck’s short novel, â€Å"Of Mice And Men† published in 1937, he describes how two men is chasing the American dream by believing that they can achieve their goals. In the story we see how two men, George and Lennie, desperately are trying to chase the American dream. We get an introduction of George and Lennie, and we quickly find out that George is the brain and Lennie is the strength. We are also aware of the reason why they left their work in the weed, which is Lennie’s accident by touching a girl’s dress. While they are on the move to a ranch where they want to find work, we also get an introduction to their big dream, a dream of owning their own farm. When they later on find work at a ranch, Lennie accidently kills the boss’s daughter-in-law and George makes an end to Lennie’s miseries by shooting him in the back of the head. George and Lennie make many friends along their journey. And some of them are willing to make sacrifices so they can join George and Lennie’s big dream. Some place in the story many characters including George and Lennie, confess that they have a dream. For instance Curly’s wife, before she dies she says that her biggest desire is to be a movie star. There is also a character like old Candy. He offers all his money and his inheritance to George so he can join their dream. Then we have the character like poor Crook. Crook is the black one on the ranch and his awareness of that fact shines through when he offers George to do the dirty work on the farm, just like doing the dishes. While all these dreams, sacrifices and ideas are being presented they all began to wonder. â€Å"They fell into a silence. They looked at one another, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true.† (P. 63. L. 13 – 15) This happens because it could be wonderful if the dream came true, but the question is, is the dream better of as a dream? Maybe something that they can believe in, which is so big and astonishing, is better than the tough reality? Then there are all the great expectations. The big dream that gives them hope would be ruined if the reality of the dream turns out to be a catastrophic disappointment. Those are thoughts running through their minds undergoing the silent gap. The choice of language is giving a certain impression about George’s thoughts of their dream. â€Å"I remember about the rabbits, George. The hell with the rabbits. That’s all you can ever remember is them rabbits.† (P.4, 5 l. 32-1) This is the place where we first hear about the dream of theirs. It seems like Lennie is more dedicated to this dream than George is. The fact that George says â€Å"them rabbits† gives the impression of what he really thinks of the dream, that it might be kind of foolish. Rabbits are often mentioned in the novel because they represent Lennie’s dream. This is noticed every time Lennie wants George to tell about their dream. To George, the farm, the eggs, the vegetables etc. are all dreams and happiness, but to Lennie happiness is having access to the rabbits. So Lennie is very eager about the rabbits, but he also has a habit of hurting the animals that he pets. Deep down, he knows that he is hurting them because he sees and hears this enormous, creepy and cruel rabbit, in the end of the story. This hallucination is his own mind speaking to him; his dream will never come true. Rabbits never actually emerge in the novel, but though they fill a great part. This really makes it clear to us, that Lennie’s dream will never come true. The dream falls apart and turns into dust after Lennie is dead, but until then everybody are very excited about it. By looking at the second quote we can conclude that it was Lennie’s dream all along. This is also why the others do not fulfill the dream. They rather want a hope and a dream they can escape into when the reality is cruel. They are aware of possible consequences of fulfilling the dream, but Lennie was not. The dream of having access to rabbits kept Lennie alive all along and nothing could break him. With the help of the hallucination of the enormous rabbit, he realizes that his dream will never come true. After that realization he dies.

Daubert V. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Brandon Pond New England Institute of Technology Case Studies in Criminal Forensics CJ 372. 57 Professor Michael Pezzullo October 24, 2012 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals The 1993 Supreme Court case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, like many high-profile court cases, set a precedent for future court causes of a similar background. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals was a pharmaceutical company based out of Kansas City, Missouri which was founded in 1950.Originally named â€Å"Marion Laboratories† after its founder Ewing Marion Kauffman, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals specifically developed pharmaceuticals that had yet to be marketed by other pharmaceutical companies after being discovered and researched. As a result, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals are credited for producing several high-quality and extremely popular drugs even in modern day, including the Nicorette anti-smoking gum and Cepacol mouthwash.However, in an attempt to recei ve credit for popular and effective pharmaceutical production over other companies, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals earned a reputation of producing drugs without sufficient research of potential side-effects. As a result, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals were I involved in an extremely high-profile U. S. Supreme Court case, titled â€Å"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. This 1993 court case put pressure on the pharmaceutical company to close their doors and sell the company just three years later in 1996. Jason Daubert and Eric Schuller were both born in San Diego, California with visible physical defects.At birth, Daubert was missing three fingers on his right hand and was missing a bone in the lower part of his right arm. Schuller was born without a left hand and a leg which was shorter than the other. In 1993, Daubert and Schuller, along with their parents, elected to sue Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, the manufacturer of the drug Bendectin, an anti-nausea medication both the boysâ €™ mothers were prescribed and consumed during their pregnancies. Bendectin had been already removed from the market in 1983 after numerous claims that the medication ad caused birth defects in children. Despite the claims that the drug had caused birth defects in a number of children, scientific research behind Bendectin showed no evidence that the drug is question produced birth defects in fetuses. The case was taken to a California state court, where it was ultimately moved to a Federal Court following a successful motion of diversity, ultimately meaning if a party in a case is established in a state differing from the state where the trial is being heard, the trial can be upgraded to a federal court.At the federal court trial, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals presented an expert witness, Dr. Lamm, who provided his opinion tht Bendectin has no proven components that are consistent with causing birth defects in humans. Following the expert witness presentation, Merrell Dow Pharmace uticals filed a motion for summary judgment, stating that following their presentation of a certified expert witness that stated Bendectin does not have components which produce birth defects, there was no longer a necessity for continuation of the trial.Schuller and Daubert, however, submitted a total of eight expert witnesses of their own possessing various accreditation and credentials, stating that Bendectin indeed had the potential of causing birth defects in humans. The eight expert witnesses expressed their opinions based upon a scientific study regarding in-vitro and in-vivo techniques during animal studies. During the time in which the case was heard in 1993, in-vitro and in-vivo animal testing was not recognized as a legitimate methodology that had not yet been established as common practice within the scientific community.As a result, the expert witnesses presented by Schuller and Daubert were deemed inadmissible in court, and Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical’s motion fo r summary judgment was approved at the district court level. Daubert then appealed their case to the appellate court at the 9th circuit court of appeals, re-introducing their expert witnesses’ opinion that Bendectin indeed can cause birth defects, backing their opinions with in-vitro and in-vivo research. The 9th circuit court determined that the district court had correctly approved Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical’s motion for summary judgement, using the 1923 U. S.Supreme Court Case Frye v. United States as their basis for their decision. Frye v. Unites States dealt with the inadmissibility of a blood-pressure lie-detection method into court proceedings because it had not yet become â€Å"generally accepted† as a reliable scientific practice. In addition, the 9th circuit stated that it was the court’s opinion that the evidence in which Daubert and Schuller were presenting was designated for litigation, and without their presentation of expert witnesses, Daub ert and Schuller had no sufficient evidence to prove that the Bendectin drug indeed can cause birth defects in humans.The 9th circuit court upheld the U. S. district court’s decision, but filed a motion of certiorari to the U. S. Supreme Court, anticipating the higher court to review their decision on the case, a motion the U. S. Supreme Court ultimately agreed to hear. At the U. S. Supreme Court, the court determined that â€Å"general acceptance† is not a justified precondition of the admission of scientific evidence into court. According to the Federal Rules of Evidence, there is no requirement that specifically stated that scientific evidence has to have a â€Å"general acceptance† in order to be admissible into court.In particular, Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence states that the judge during the trial has the discretion to determine whether or not an expert witnesses’ testimony is based upon a â€Å"reliable foundation† and is  "relevant to the task at hand†. The Supreme Court also determined that any evidence with â€Å"scientifically valid principles† will be sufficient to fulfill the two aforementioned requirements. Ultimately, the U. S. Supreme Court overturned the decision of the 9th circuit court of appeals, and eliminated Frye v.United States from judicial review practices during determination of evidence admissibility. After having the case reintroduced into the lower court, the lower court again sided with Merrell Row Pharmaceuticals, determining that there was no sufficient evidence that the use of in-vitro and in-vivo research methods fulfilled the task-relevancy and reliable foundation requirements. Despite the ruling, the Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, currently known as the Daubert Test, has fully replaced the Frye Test in all evidence admissibility review cases.Overall, the Daubert v. Merrell Row Pharmaceuticals case has played an overwhelmingly significant role in m odern day Criminal Justice and the way court proceedings are carried out. This case is responsible for single-handedly changing the landscape in which evidence is analyzed for admissibility. Prior to this case, evidence admissibility was based around a U. S. Supreme Court case that was decided way back in 1923, 70 years prior to the Daubert case. The Frye Test had simply lost its base in modern day Criminal Justice, and the Daubert Test rovides justices within a court setting to have the overall determination of whether evidence fulfills two simple requirements. As more and more cases are presented into criminal courts, and more technological advances are produced, statutes, laws, and precedents need to change to accommodate for the new technology. In this instance, the Frye Test surrounded a blood-pressure style lie-detection test, technology that was so advanced and profound that it hadn’t even been considered an accepted scientific practice.In modern day, there are even mo re advanced forms of lie-detection software that individuals involved in the Frye v. United States case could not even imagine. There is no question that there needs to be some sort of decisive test to determine what types of evidence should be admitted into court proceedings, and what types of evidence should be excluded. Not all evidence can be included, because there would be no way of determining the credibility of the evidence being introduced into court.It would simply not be fair to a defendant at trial to be incriminated using evidence that isn’t proven to be sufficient, and would not otherwise pass some sort of evidence admissibility test. By using the Daubdert admissibility test, however, it provides judges leading a trial proceeding to have the overall determination of whether or not evidence fulfills the Daubert Test. The Daubert Test states that evidence must both have â€Å"scientifically valid principles† and must be â€Å"relevant to the task at handâ € .This may sound like a productive test for all evidence. I agree that the Daubert Test is indeed a good test, though only to some degree. One of the justices that heard the Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals case at the U. S. Supreme Court level admitted that while he understood his ability to have the overall determination of all evidence admissibility in the case, the magnitude of scientific advancements involved in the case was certainly out of his expertise, as well as the other justices within the U. S. Supreme Court.I do not feel it is right to put evidence admissibility into the hands of justices whom have a expertise in legal practices and the judicial system, rather than bimolecular engineering, pharmaceuticals, or any other scientific field. However, with that said, I do feel that the Daubert Test is certainly a step in the right direction. I firmly believe that the Daubert Test will uphold until another case similar to the Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals c ase will force new improvements into the standards of evidence admissibility. Works Cited Angier, Natalie. Two Pre-decision Articles on the Daubert Case (rules forscientific evidence). † Free Legal Information & Forms | The ‘Lectric Law Library. The New York Times, 2 Jan. 1993. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. lectlaw. com/files/lit03. htm;. Annas, George. â€Å"Legal Issues in Medicine. † Scientific Evidence in the Courtroom — The Death of the Frye Rule. Version 330. Georgetown University, 7 Apr. 1994. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . BRODY, JANE E.. â€Å"SHADOW OF DOUBT WIPES OUT BENDECTIN – NYTimes. com. The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. The New York Times, 19 June 1983. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U. S. 579 (1993).. † LII | LII / Legal Information Institute. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . Mahle, Stephen. â€Å"An Introduction to Daubert v. Merrell Dow. † DaubertEx pert. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. .

The Importance of the Ordeal in the Heros Journey

The Importance of the Ordeal in the Heros Journey The Ordeal is the critical moment in every story, a major source of magic in heroic myth, according to Christopher Vogler, author of The Writers Journey: Mythic Structure. The hero stands in the deepest chamber of the inmost cave and faces a direct confrontation with his greatest fear. No matter what the hero came for, it’s Death that now stares back at her. She is brought to the brink of death in a battle with a hostile force. The hero of every story is an initiate being introduced to the mysteries of life and death, Vogler writes. She must appear to die so she can be reborn, transformed. The ordeal is a major crisis in the story, but its not the climax, which happens closer to the end. The ordeal is usually the central event, the main event of the second act. A crisis, according to Webster’s, is when hostile forces are in the tensest state of opposition. The hero’s crisis, as frightening as it is, is the only way to victory, according to Vogler. Witnesses are an important part of the crisis. Someone close to the hero witnesses the hero’s apparent death and the reader experiences it through their point of view. Witnesses feel the pain of death, and when they realize the hero still lives, their grief, as well as the reader’s, suddenly, explosively, turns to joy, Vogler states. Readers Love to See Heroes Cheat Death Vogler writes that in any story, the writer is trying to lift the reader, raise their awareness, heighten their emotions. Good structure works as a pump on the reader’s emotions as the hero’s fortunes are raised and lowered. Emotions depressed by the presence of death can rebound in an instant to a higher state than before. Just as on a roller coaster, you’re hurled around until you think you might die, Vogler writes, and you get off elated that you’ve survived. Every story needs a hint of this experience or it’s missing its heart. The crisis, a halfway point, is a divide in the hero’s journey: the top of the mountain, the heart of the forest, the depth of the ocean, the most secret place in his soul. Everything in the trip has to lead up to this point, and everything after is about going home. There may be greater adventures to come, the most exciting even, but every journey has a center, a bottom or a peak somewhere near the middle. Nothing will ever be the same after the crisis. The most common ordeal is some sort of battle or confrontation with the opposing force, which usually represents the hero’s own shadow, according to Vogler. No matter how alien the villain’s values, in some way they are the dark reflection of the hero’s own desires, magnified and distorted, her greatest fears come to life. The unrecognized or rejected parts are acknowledged and made conscious despite all their struggles to remain in darkness. Death of the Ego The ordeal in myth signifies the death of the ego. The hero has soared above death and now sees the connectedness of all things. The hero has risked his life for the sake of the larger collective. The Wicked Witch is enraged that Dorothy and her friends have penetrated the inmost cave. She threatens each of them with death. She lights Scarecrow on fire. We feel the horror of his imminent death. Dorothy grabs a bucket of water to save him and ends up melting the witch. We watch her agonizing death instead. After a moment of being stunned, everyone is related, even the witch’s minions. This article is part of our series on the heros journey, starting with The Heros Journey Introduction and The Archetypes of the Heros Journey.

Hitler Youth and the Indoctrination of German Children

Hitler Youth and the Indoctrination of German Children Education came under heavy control in Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler believed the youth of Germany could be totally indoctrinated to support the Volk- a nation made up of the most superior of the human races- and the Reich, and the system would never face an internal challenge to Hitlers power again. This mass brainwashing was to be achieved in two ways: the transformation of the school curriculum, and the creation of bodies like the Hitler Youth. The Nazi Curriculum The Reich Ministry of Education, Culture and Science took control of the education system in 1934, and while it didn’t change the structure it inherited, it did major surgery on the staff. Jews were sacked en mass (and by 1938 Jewish children were barred from schools), teachers with rival political views were sidelined, and women were encouraged to start producing children rather than teach them. Of those who remained, anyone who didn’t seem dedicated enough to the Nazi cause was retrained in Nazi ideas. This process was aided by the creation of the National Socialist Teachers League, with affiliation basically required in order to retain a job, as evidenced by a 97% membership rate in 1937. Grades suffered. Once the teaching staff was organized, so was what they taught. There were two main thrusts of the new teaching: To prepare the population to better fight and breed, physical education was given much more time in schools. To better prepare children to support the state, Nazi ideology was given to them in the form of an exaggerated German history and literature, outright lies in science, and German language and culture to form the Volk. Hitlers Mein Kampf was heavily studied, and children gave Nazi salutes to their teachers as a show of allegiance. Boys of notional ability, but more importantly the right racial makeup, could be earmarked for future leadership roles by being sent to specially created elite schools. Some schools that selected pupils based solely on racial criteria ended up with students too intellectually limited for the program or rule. The  Hitler Youth The most infamous of these programs was Hitler Youth. The Hitler Jugend had been created long before the Nazis had taken power, but had seen only a tiny membership. Once the Nazis began to coordinate children’s passage, its membership rose dramatically to include millions. By 1939, membership was compulsory for all children of the right age. There were, in fact, several organizations under this umbrella: The German Young People, which covered boys aged 10–14, and the Hitler Youth itself from 14–18. Girls were taken into the League of Young Girls from 10–14, and the League of German Girls from 14–18. There was also the Little Fellows for children aged 6–10. Even those children wore uniforms and swastika armbands. The treatment of boys and girls was quite different: While both sexes were drilled in Nazi ideology and physical fitness, the boys would perform military tasks like rifle training, while the girls would be groomed for a domestic life or nursing soldiers and surviving air raids. Some people loved the organization and found opportunities they would not have had elsewhere because of their wealth and class, enjoying camping, outdoor activities and socializing. Others were alienated by the increasingly military side of a body designed solely to prepare children for unbending obedience. Hitler’s anti-intellectualism was partly balanced by the number of leading Nazis with a university education. Nonetheless, those going on to undergraduate work more than halved and the quality of graduates fell. However, the Nazis were forced into backtracking when the economy improved and workers were in demand. When it became apparent women with technical skills would be valuable, the numbers of women in higher education, having fallen, rose sharply. The Hitler Youth is one of the most evocative Nazi organizations, visibly and effectively representing a regime that wanted to remake the whole of German society into a brutal, cold, quasi-medieval new world- and it was willing to start by brainwashing children. Given how the young are viewed in society and the general desire to protect, seeing ranks of uniformed children saluting remains chilling. That the children had to fight, in the failing stages of the war, is one of the many tragedies of the Nazi regime.

Assay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assay - Essay Example He replied that the symptoms manifested the day before, and that he has not had any medications as yet. He appeared to be a very healthy man in his forties. The pharmacist later revealed to me that the patient was a regular at the pharmacy. The patient’s blood pressure and cholesterol levels were within normal range and he did not suffer any medical conditions. After the interview, I observed that the pharmacist advised him to take Dimetapp which is an over-the-counter, no-drowse, cough and cold remedy. The pharmacist also advised him to increase his water intake in order to facilitate his recovery from his colds. A review of various articles and researches on the effectiveness of non-antibiotic remedies for cough and colds revealed that the most promising remedies for cough and colds include â€Å"dextromethorphan, bisolvon, and guiaphenesin for cough, antihistamine- decongestant combinations for a wide range of symptoms, nasal decongestants (at least for the first dose) and possibly zinc lozenges† (Arroll, p. 1478). Dimetapp is an antihistamine-decongestant, hence highly recommended for colds and cough. Another patient came in to buy a sedative nasal decongestant. I observed the pharmacist interview where the pharmacist asked him if he was taking any other medication, and he said he was taking Exxefor. I reviewed my knowledge of Exxefor and was able to establish that Exxefor is an antidepressant classified as an SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor). It is a prescription drug for major depressive and anxiety disorders. This drug is also contraindicated for patients who are hypersensitive to Venlafaxine. I was further able to establish that the most common side-effects for Exxefor are the following: headache, nausea, insomnia, dry mouth, dizziness, and sweating. When taken with any sedative drug, the chances for the occurrence of these side-effects would increase. I then understood why the